Testicular cancer is a relatively rare but highly treatable form of cancer that primarily affects young men. Unlike many other cancer types, it stands out for its exceptional treatment success rates. Most men diagnosed with testicular cancer can expect a full recovery, thanks to advances in medical science and early detection.3 This article explores warning signs of testicular cancer, who’s at risk, and how to perform a self-exam.
The testicles are part of the male reproductive system, responsible for producing sperm and testosterone. Located in the scrotum, these small, egg-shaped organs are crucial for male fertility and hormone production. While the word “cancer” can sound scary, testicular cancer is one of the most curable forms of cancer when caught and treated early.3
This type of cancer typically develops in the germ cells – the cells responsible for producing sperm. It most commonly strikes young men between the ages of 15 and 35, making it a significant health concern for teenagers and young adults. However, it can occur at any age, which is why awareness and understanding are key.3
The good news is that modern medicine has made tremendous strides in treating testicular cancer. With early detection and appropriate treatment, more than 95% of men fully recover and go on to live normal, healthy lives. This high success rate makes testicular cancer a unique and hopeful story in the world of cancer treatment.3
Who's at Risk?
While testicular cancer is relatively rare, representing just 1% of male tumors, its prevalence has been steadily increasing over the past four decades.2
When caught early and treated properly, testicular cancer is highly treatable, with over 90% of people being cured and more than 95% surviving five years after diagnosis.2
What causes testicular cancer isn’t completely clear, but several factors can increase a man’s risk. These include:2
- Having an undescended testicle (a condition where one or both testicles fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum before birth)
- A family history of testicular cancer
- Previous cancer in the other testicle
- Being a young adult (age 15 – 35)
- Testicular cancer is more common in white men, affecting about 7 out of 100,000 people, compared to 5 out of 100,000 in Hispanic men and 2 out of 100,000 in African American men.
Signs & Symptoms of Testicular Cancer
While most men might feel uncomfortable discussing changes in their testicles, recognizing potential warning signs can be life-saving. Testicular cancer often presents with subtle yet distinct symptoms that should never be ignored or felt embarrassed about. Understanding these signs empowers young men to take quick action, potentially catching the cancer at its most treatable stage.4
The 5 Critical Warning Signs
- A Painless Lump or Swelling
- The most common and crucial sign
- Often discovered during a self-exam or shower
- Typically doesn’t cause pain, which is why regular checks are important
- Note: Not all lumps are cancerous, but they always warrant professional medical evaluation
- Changes in Testicle Texture or Feel
- Notice if a testicle feels different than before
- Look for hardness, unusual firmness, or changes in smoothness
- Compare both testicles – remember, it’s normal for one to be slightly larger
- Dull Ache in Lower Abdomen or Groin
- A persistent, mild discomfort in the lower belly or groin area
- Could indicate the cancer is spreading or affecting surrounding tissues
- Don’t ignore ongoing discomfort, even if it seems minor
- Sudden Fluid Build-up in Scrotum
- Unexpected swelling or fluid build up
- Can feel heavy or different from normal
- May indicate lymphatic or circulatory changes
- Pain or Discomfort in Testicle or Scrotum
- Unlike the first sign, this pain is more pronounced
- Could range from a sharp to a dull sensation
- Persistent discomfort should never be overlooked
Self-Examination: Your First Line of Defense
Early detection is a powerful weapon in the fight against testicular cancer. Unlike many other cancers, testicular cancer often develops quickly and can spread rapidly if left unchecked. Regular self-examinations are like having a personal health surveillance system – they empower you to catch potential issues before they become critical. Most testicular cancers are found by men themselves, either during a self-exam or by chance. This simple, quick process takes just a few minutes but can potentially save your life.1
How to Perform a Testicular Self-Exam1
- Best done during or after a shower when scrotum is relaxed
- Hold each testicle separately between thumb and fingers
- Gently roll and check for:
- Lumps
- Changes in size
- Unusual firmness
- Smooth or irregular surfaces
Doctors Diagnose Testicular Cancer Through a Series of Steps
- Talking with the person about their medical history
- Doing a physical exam
- Running blood tests to check for tumor markers
- Using ultrasound to look at the testicles
If a solid tumor is found, doctors typically remove the entire affected testicle. This helps both diagnose and treat the cancer. After removing the testicle, doctors will determine the cancer’s stage and develop a treatment plan. This might include:1
- Careful monitoring
- Chemotherapy
- Removing nearby lymph nodes
- Radiation therapy
Conclusion
Early detection isn’t just a medical recommendation – it’s a life-saving strategy. Testicular cancer is uniquely treatable when caught early, with cure rates exceeding 90%. This incredible success rate hinges on one critical factor: timely detection. Every month you perform a self-exam is a month you’re taking proactive control of your health.1
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized medical advice.
References
- American Cancer Society. (2018, May 17). Can Testicular Cancer Be Found Early? Retrieved from American Cancer Society: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/testicular-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html
- Feldman, D. (2025). Patient education: Testicular cancer (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate.
- Gaddam, S. J., Bicer, F., & Chesnut, G. T. (2023). Testicular Cancer. StatPearls.
- Medline Plus. (2024, April 20). Testicular Cancer. Retrieved from National Library of Medicine: https://medlineplus.gov/testicularcancer.html
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